A globe is a three-dimensional scale model of Earth (terrestrial globe) or other spheroid celestial body such as a planet, star, or moon. It may also refer to a spherical representation of the celestial sphere, showing the apparent positions of the stars and constellations in the sky (celestial globe). The word "globe" comes from the Latin word ''globus'', meaning round mass or sphere.

Terrestrial and planetary

A globe is the only representation of the earth that does not distort either the shape or the size of large features; flat maps are created using a map projection that inevitably introduces an increasing amount of distortion the larger the area that the map shows. A typical scale for a terrestrial globe is roughly 1:40 million.

Sometimes a globe has surface texture showing topography; in these, elevations are exaggerated, otherwise they would be hardly visible. Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians so that one can tell the approximate coordinates of a specific place. Globes provide the best view of Earth today.

Celestial

Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the stars in the sky. They omit the Sun, Moon and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the ecliptic, along which the Sun moves, is indicated.

A potential issue arises regarding the "handedness" of celestial globes. If the globe is constructed so that the stars are in the positions they actually occupy on the imaginary celestial sphere, then the star field will appear back-to-front on the surface of the globe (all the constellations will appear as their mirror images). This is because the view from Earth, positioned at the centre of the celestial sphere, is of the ''inside'' of the celestial sphere, whereas the celestial globe is viewed from the ''outside''. For this reason, celestial globes may be produced in mirror image, so that at least the constellations appear the "right way round". Some modern celestial globes address this problem by making the surface of the globe transparent. The stars can then be placed in their proper positions and viewed ''through'' the globe, so that the view is of the inside of the celestial sphere, as it is from Earth.

History

The sphericity of the Earth was established by Hellenistic astronomy in the 3rd century BC, and the earliest terrestrial globe appeared from that period. The earliest known example is the one constructed by Crates of Mallus in Cilicia (now Çukurova in modern-day Turkey), in the mid-2nd century BC.

No terrestrial globes from Antiquity or the Middle Ages have survived. An example of a surviving celestial globe is part of a Hellenistic sculpture, called the Farnese Atlas, surviving in a 2nd century AD Roman copy in the Naples Museum, Italy.

Early terrestrial globes depicting the entirety of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic Golden Age. One such example was constructed in the 9th century by Muslim geographers and cartographers working under the Abbasid caliph, Al-Ma'mun. Another example was the terrestrial globe introduced to Beijing by the Persian astronomer, Jamal ad-Din, in 1267.

The oldest surviving terrestrial globe is credited to Martin Behaim in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1492. A facsimile globe showing America was made by Martin Waldseemueller in 1507. Another early globe, the Hunt-Lenox Globe, ca. 1507, is thought to be the source of the phrase "Here be dragons". Another "remarkably modern-looking" terrestrial globe of the Earth was constructed by Taqi al-Din at the Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din during the 1570s.

An unusually high proportion of vintage 20th century world globes feature the Australian town of Birdum, which no longer exists but once held an important position at the end of the Northern Australian Railway.

Manufacture

Mass-produced globes are typically covered by a printed paper map. The most common type has long, thin gores (strips) of paper that narrow to a point at the North Pole and the South Pole. Then a small disk is used to paper over the inevitable irregularities at the poles. The more gores there are, the less stretching and crumpling is required to make the paper map fit the sphere. From a geometric point of view, all points on a sphere are equivalent – one could select any arbitrary point on the Earth, and create a paper map that covers the Earth with strips that come together at that point and the antipodal point.

A globe is usually mounted at a 23.5° angle on bearings. In addition to making it easy to use this mounting also represents the angle of the planet in relation to its sun and the spin of the planet. This makes it easy to visualize how days and seasons change.

Notable examples

The Unisphere in Queens, New York, at 120 feet (36.6 m) in diameter, is the world's largest global structure.

Eartha, currently the world's largest rotating globe ( in diameter), at the Delorme headquarters in Yarmouth, Maine The Mapparium, three-story, stained glass globe at the Mary Baker Eddy Library in Boston, which visitors walk through via a glass bridge. The Babson globe in Wellesley, Massachusetts, a globe which originally rotated on its axis and on its base to simulate day and night and the seasons

The giant globe in the lobby of The News Building in New York City.

The Hitler Globe, also known as the Führer globe, was formally named the Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders. Two editions existed during Hitler's lifetime, created during the mid-1930s on his orders. (The second edition changed the name of Abyssinia to Italian East Africa). These globes were "enormous" and very costly. According to the New York Times, "the real Columbus globe was nearly the size of a Volkswagen and, at the time, more expensive." Several still exist, including three in Berlin: one at a geographical institute, one at the Märkisches Museum, and another at the Deutsches Historisches Museum. The latter has a Soviet bullet hole through Germany. One of the two in public collections in Munich has an American bullet hole through Germany. There are several in private hands inside and out of Germany. A much smaller version of Hitler's globe was mocked by Charlie Chaplin in ''The Great Dictator'', a film released in 1940.

Gallery

See also

Armillary sphere

Cartography

Dymaxion map

Emery Molyneux

Google Earth

NASA World Wind

Johannes Schöner globe

Virtual globe

References

External links

ppmglobe - generate strips to glue onto a sphere

3D VRML globe

3D Java Globe with coastlines, parallels, meridians, etc.

Category:Map types

az:Qlobus bs:Globus bg:Глобус ca:Globus terraqüi cs:Glóbus da:Globus de:Globus et:Gloobus es:Globo terráqueo eo:Globuso fr:Globe planétaire ga:Cruinneog gl:Globo terráqueo ko:지구본 hy:Գլոբուս hr:Globus (svijet) id:Globe io:Globo it:Globo he:גלובוס ka:გლობუსი lv:Globuss lt:Gaublys ms:Glob nl:Globe ja:地球儀 no:Globus pl:Globus pt:Globo terrestre ru:Глобус scn:Crobbu simple:Globe sk:Glóbus sl:Globus sr:Глобус fi:Karttapallo sv:Jordglob tl:Globo tg:Глобус uk:Глобус zh:地球儀

playername	Sun Jihai 孙继海
fullname	Sun Jihai
dateofbirth	September 30, 1977
cityofbirth	Dalian, Liaoning
countryofbirth	China
currentclub	Shaanxi Chanba
clubnumber	17
height
position	Right Back
years1	1995–1998
years2	1998–1999
years3	1999–2002
years4	2002–2008
years5	2008–2009
years6	2009
years7	2010–
clubs1	Dalian Wanda
clubs2	Crystal Palace
clubs3	Dalian Shide
clubs4	Manchester City
clubs5	Sheffield United
clubs6	Chengdu Blades
clubs7	Shaanxi Chanba
caps1	71
goals1	1
caps2	23
goals2	0
caps3	52
goals3	6
caps4	130
goals4	3
caps5	12
goals5	0
caps6	10
goals6	0
caps7	27
goals7	0
nationalyears1	1996–2008
nationalteam1	China
nationalcaps1	78
nationalgoals1	1
pcupdate	8 December 2010
ntupdate	2 June 2008 }}

Sun Jihai (; born 30 September 1977 in Dalian, Liaoning, China) is a Chinese association football player. He is currently playing for Chinese side Shaanxi Chanba and for the China national football team as a defender or a midfielder.

Sun's main strengths are his speed, physical strength, crossing and attacking forays down the wings. He is a highly versatile player, having played as a central defender, a holding midfielder, and on both wings. Sun is one of the most important players in the Chinese football history.

Club career

Dalian Wanda

Sun started his professional career with Dalian Wanda in 1995 and made his first appearance on May 28, 1995. Sun did not intend to start his professional career at such a young age. Like all the top young Chinese players of that generation, he wanted to go to the training camp in Brazil. However, he was not selected as he was not deemed to possess enough potential. Sun showed great character by not letting this huge disappointment derail him. He worked very hard and eventually enjoyed what is undoubtedly the most successful career of any Chinese football player.

Crystal Palace

After three successful years at Dalian, Sun along with Fan Zhiyi signed for Crystal Palace in 1998. They became the first footballers from China to play in the English leagues. Sun made his debut for Crystal Palace in a 0–3 defeat at Bury in the first leg of the Football League Cup match.

Manchester City

In 2002, Sun signed for Manchester City from Dalian for £2 million. He made his City debut in a 4–2 win over Coventry City.

Sun enjoyed a great start to his first season in the Premier league. His solid defense and dangerous attacking forays won over many City fans. He was voted the best player at Manchester City for the month of September 2002.

In October 2002, Sun became the first Chinese footballer to score in the Premier League when he headed home the first City goal in their 2–0 win over Birmingham City.

At the beginning of the 2004–05 season, Sun damaged his cruciate ligaments in a tackle with Chelsea striker Eiður Guðjohnsen and missed the rest of the season. After recuperating and following a strict physical regimen devised by his father, Sun was a regular starter in the Man City line up.

Sun's 2006–07 season was set back yet again by another injury, he made his return on 10 February 2007, against Portsmouth, which Man City lost 2 – 1.

With the arrival of Sven-Göran Eriksson, Sun rarely played in the 2007–08 season. He was replaced by Vedran Ćorluka on the right back position and Michael Ball played as the defensive substitute instead of him.

Sheffield United

On 2 July 2008, Sun signed a two year deal with Championship club Sheffield United. Sun only managed 19 mins of his first match in a Blades shirt, getting sent off after picking up two yellows in a friendly. He went on to make his full debut in the opening fixture of the season against Birmingham City. He was sent off during a game against Coventry City after a lunging tackle from behind on Maltese player Michael Mifsud. The FA charged him for his behavior after receiving a red card but considered his past good record, handed him an additional one match ban. Having played regularly until November he succumbed to an injury and subsequently failed to force his way back into the first team and made only a handful of appearances in the FA Cup in the second half of the season. Sun was then released from his contract in July 2009 with United claiming he had 'failed to settle' in Yorkshire.

Chengdu Blades

Sun left Sheff Utd and has signed for Chengdu Blades, hoping to make an impact. He steadily established himself in Chengdu and helped them to achieve the club's best league position (7th).

Shaanxi Chanba

Sun moved to Shaanxi Chanba on 8 January 2010, reuniting him with former China national team manager Zhu Guanghu.

International career

Sun made his international debut for China on 6 December 1996 against Uzbekistan.

At China's first match during the 2002 FIFA World Cup against Costa Rica, Sun picked up an ankle injury after a tackle from behind by Costa Rican defender, Mauricio Solís after just 17 minutes. Unable to play, Sun was replaced after 25 minutes and sat out for the rest of China's matches.

On June 7, 2008, in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Qatar, Sun was shown a straight red card for dissent while he was warming up as a substitute on the bench. China lost the match 0–1.

International goals

:''Scores and results list China's goal tally first.''

9 June 2004

!Goal	!Date!!Venue!!Opponent!!Score!!Result!!Competition
1	|	Workers Stadium, Beijing		2-0	4-0	2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)>2006 FIFA World Cup qualification

Honours

Club

Dalian Shide

Chinese Jia-A League: 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001

Chinese FA Cup: 2001

Chinese Super Cup: 1997

Manchester City

Football League First Division: 2002

Individual

CFA Young Player of the Year: 1998

Club career stats

;''Last update: 20 August 2009'' |- |1995||rowspan="4"|Dalian Shide||rowspan="4"|Jia-A League||13||0|||||||||||||||| |- |1996||21||0|||||||||||||||| |- |1997||19||0|||||||||||||||| |- |1998||18||1|||||||||||||||| |- |1998–99||Crystal Palace||First Division||23||0|||||||||||||||| |- |1999||rowspan="3"|Dalian Haichang||rowspan="3"|Jia-A League||8||1|||||||||||||||| |- |2000||21||2|||||||||||||||| |- |2001||23||3|||||||||||||||| |- |2001–02||rowspan="7"|Manchester City||First Division||7||0|||||||||||||||| |- |2002–03||rowspan="6"|Premier League||28||2|||||||||||||||| |- |2003–04||33||3|||||||||||||||| |- |2004–05||6||0|||||||||||||||| |- |2005–06||29||2|||||||||||||||| |- |2006–07||13||0|||||||||||||||| |- |2007–08||14||0|||||||||||||||| |- |2008–09||Sheffield United||Championship||11||0|||||||||||||||| |- |2009||Chengdu Blades||Super League||10||0|||||||||||||||| |- |2010||Shaanxi Chanba||Super League||0||0|||||||||||||||| 133||7|||||||||||||||| 153||3|||||||||||||||| 282||10||||||||||||||||

References

External links

Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:1996 AFC Asian Cup players Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players Category:2004 AFC Asian Cup players Category:2007 AFC Asian Cup players Category:China international footballers Category:Chinese expatriate footballers Category:Chinese footballers Category:Crystal Palace F.C. players Category:Dalian Shide F.C. players Category:Expatriate footballers in England Category:Association football fullbacks Category:Manchester City F.C. players Category:People from Dalian Category:Premier League players Category:Sheffield United F.C. players Category:The Football League players Category:Chengdu Blades F.C. players Category:Xian Chanba players

ar:صن جيهاي de:Sun Jihai fr:Sun Jihai ko:쑨지하이 id:Sun Jihai it:Sun Jihai ja:孫継海 pl:Sun Jihai pt:Sun Jihai ru:Сунь Цзихай simple:Sun Jihai fi:Sun Jihai sv:Sun Jihai zh:孙继海

Artists and repertoire (A&R) is the division of a record label that is responsible for talent scouting and overseeing the artistic development of recording artists. It also acts as a liaison between artists and the record label.

Responsibilities

Finding talent

The A&R division is responsible for discovering new recording artists and bringing them to the record company. They are expected to understand the current tastes of the market and to be able to find artists that will be commercially successful. For this reason, A&R people are often young and many are musicians, music journalists or record producers.

An A&R executive is authorized to offer a record contract, often in the form of a "deal memo": a short informal document that establishes a business relationship between the recording artist and the record company. The actual contract negotiations will typically be carried out by rival entertainment lawyers hired by the musician's manager and the record company.

A&R executives rely mostly on the word of mouth of trusted associates, critics and business contacts. They also tend to favor bands that play in the same city that the record company is located. Contrary to popular belief, their decisions are rarely based on unsolicited demo tapes sent by musicians. (However, major labels outside the United States and various independent labels may accept demos.)

Overseeing the recording process

The A&R division oversees the recording process. This includes helping the artist to find the right record producer, scheduling time in a recording studio and advising the artist on all aspects of making a high-quality recording. They work with the artist to choose the best songs (i.e.repertoire) to record. For artists who do not write their own music, they will assist in finding songs and songwriters. A&R executives maintain contact with their counterparts at music publishing companies to get new songs and material from songwriters and producers.

As the record nears completion, the A&R department works closely with the artist to determine if the record is acceptable to the record company. This may include suggesting that new songs need to be written or that some tracks need re-recording. A key issue is whether the album has a single: a particular track which can be used to market the record on radio. As Tom Petty sang in "Into the great wide open", the industry cliche, "I don't hear a single!" refers to this process.

Assisting with marketing and promotion

Once the record is completed, the A&R department (with assistance from marketing, promotion and the artist) chooses a single to help promote the record.

History and influence

The tastes of particular A&R executives have influenced the course of music history. A&R man John H. Hammond discovered Billie Holiday, Bob Dylan, Aretha Franklin and Bruce Springsteen. Hammond's colleagues were initially skeptical of these artists because none of them appeared to be creating "commercial" music. However, Hammond's instincts proved to be correct and these artists went on to sell hundreds of millions of records. Geffen Records' Gary Gersh signed the band Nirvana at a time when alternative rock music was not considered commercial. Gersh was able to convince his co-workers to push the record in spite of their misgivings. In cases like these, A&R people have radically changed the direction of popular musical tastes and introduced large numbers of people to new sounds.

However, this kind of prescience is the exception, rather than the rule. Historically, A&R executives have tended to sign new artists that fit into recent trends and who resemble acts that are currently successful. This has caused several waves of similar sounding music, including teen pop (1998–2001), alternative rock (1993–1996), hair metal (1986–1991) and disco (1976–1978). This practice, however, can be counter-productive, since it has often led to a backlash. Towards the end of each wave record companies have found themselves faced with enormous losses as consumers' tastes changed. For example, at the end of the disco boom in 1978, millions of records were returned by record retailers, causing a deep recession in the music business that lasted until 1983, when Michael Jackson's ''Thriller'' finally brought the public back into record stores in large numbers.

This trend-following mindset has taken even greater precedence as record companies have become more corporate and financially-oriented. The general move towards more conservative and business-minded signings from the 1980s onwards is seen to be symptomatic of an industry where the most powerful figures are no longer music fans or people with musical backgrounds, but business people. Traditionally A&R executives were composers, arrangers and producers - Atlantic Records's heads Jerry Wexler and Ahmet Ertegun were producers and composers respectively - but an A&R with musical ability and knowledge has become a rarity, with Ron Fair and Martin Kierszenbaum being notable recent exceptions. The composer and arranger Richard Niles has said,

"What you've got now is huge multinational companies where most of their A&R staff are businessmen. They’re people who look at music from the standpoint of marketing, not from the standpoint of music and talent. They will say, 'Go out and get me anything that’s popular now.'"

Regional variations

According to Rhythm King Records and Lizard King Records founder Martin Heath, the A&R community in the UK is more integrated than it is in the US, being very London-centric and encompassing a relatively small number of people. "If scouts are chasing a band, you’ll see the same thirty people in one room. You get a herd mentality in the UK, but also some very diverse signings as well," he said in an interview with HitQuarters. Heath believes that in the USA it is more typical for A&R to wait until a band is established - having attracted other offers or achieved a level of sales - before taking action, a technique which often works out as being more expensive.

Recent changes

New forms of digital distribution have changed the relationship between consumers and the music they choose. Gerd Leonhard and others argue that the wide selection of music on digital services has allowed music consumers to bypass the traditional role of A&R. In the wake of declining record sales, a large number of A&R staffers have been terminated. It is unclear whether A&R executives will shape the future of musical tastes as they have in the past.

References

(Reprinted in ''Maximum RocknRoll'' #133 (June 1994) and later various websites.)

External links

A&R Interviews - Database of interviews with A&R people

Category:Music industry Category:Occupations in music

de:Artists and Repertoire es:Artists and Repertoire fr:A&R id:Artists and repertoire it:A&R nl:A&R ja:A&R pl:A&R pt:A&R sv:A&R zh:A&R